Results of the Crimean War, Italian Risorgimento, and German Unification

• Formal Results of the war at The Treaty of Paris in 1856
  • The black sea will be closed to Russian Warships, which buffers Russian pressure against the Turks.
  • The Danube river is internationalized, which opens up trade to all of Europe. It is somewhat of a blow to Austria, because now they don't have exclusive control of the Danube.
  • Two new countries are created from the Ottoman Territories called Romania and Serbia: another buffer between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
• Informal Results
  • Prussia feels left out
  • Piedmont-Savoy feels like they are owed something since they volunteered troops.
  • Russia and Austria are distinctly weakened by the war, though they were previously the two great conservative powers in Europe. They were the two great powers that posed a barrier to liberal and republican advances.
• The Italian Reunification or "Risorgimento" (1859-1871)s
  • Piedmont Savoy carries the torch of Italian nationalism, along with the socialist and republican philosopher-writer Guiseppe Mazzini: the volksgiest of the revolution.
  • Nationalism in Italy
    • geographical location- Italian peninsula
    • language- Italian
    • religion- 99% Catholic
    • history- Renaissance and Rome
    • culture
  • Guiseppe Mazzini
    • a republican, which means he is anti-clerical and anti-monarchical
      • anti-clerical leads to problems with the church
    • has led revolutions
    • inspired secret societies
  • Geography of the Reunification
    • the kingdom of two Sicilies ruled by the bourbon dynasty. it is rural and poor
    • the central region is the property of the pope called the Papal states. these were the temporal properties of the church that were lost during the Risorgimento.
    • Northern Duchies: Tuscany, Parma, Lucca, Modena. Austria controls Lombardy (Milan) and Venetia (Venice).
    • The last region in the northwest is Piedmont Savoy, which is the only part of Italy ruled by an Italian.
      • Turin (called Torino in Italy) is one of the most industrial cities in Italy
  • Cavour and King Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont Savoy
    • has a constitutional monarchy with a king named King Victor Emmanuel and a Prime Minister named Camilo Cavour
    • Cavour is a classical liberal who fears and dislikes Republican or conservatives (Pope)
    • Cavour recognizes two barriers to Italian cause: the pope and Austria
    • Cavour is a practician of a new form of rule. Real politik (Machiavelli) one does what is necessary to accomplish goals; the ends justify the means.
      • hates war, but fights in the Crimean War
      • a classical liberal, but works with Republicans
      • a devout Catholic but goes agains the Pope
  • Road to Reunification
    • The Northern Phase
      • Cavour realizes that a war with Austria is unwinnable, so he enlists the aid of a naïve Napoleon III
      • in 1859 Cavour signs a defensive pact with Napoleon. The Bonapartes are more Italian than French, they support the idea of a unified Italy
      • Napoleon thinks that his pact with Cavour will help him win the favor of the French.
      • Cavour with Napoleon III in tow, tricks Austria into declaring war on Piedmont. France sends an army into Italy and Piedmont Savoy defeats Austria at the battles of Solferino and Magenta. Austria is crushed and the northern Italy Duchies and Romagna revolt.
      • The Pope freaks out and excommunicates France, so France quickly makes peace.
      • France also has an army in Rome to protect Pope from Republicans since 1898. Napoleon III's peace forces Austria to cede Lombardy to Piedmont Savoy. To forestall the Italian Risorgimento, Napoleon III offers to unify all of Italy under the rule of the Pope. Northern Italian states will ave none of this all join in Piedmont Savoy in 1860.
      • Napoleon II approves of this partial union, but in return France asks for and receives two territories: Nice and Savoy. All of this is done by 1860.
    • The Garibaldi phase
      • The Beginnings
        • Garibaldi was a world adventurer: lived in New York, and helped Uruguay win its independence. Also lived in the United States for some time.
        • Garibaldi, a Republican, got together 1,000 Redshirts, which are secretly funded by Cavour
        • Garibaldi is a veteran revolutionary, lands in Sicily and quickly subdues local authorities, which are the Bourbons.
        • He crosses over to the Italian mainland, captures Naples, and the Bourbons abdicate
      • Rome
        • From Naples Garibaldi marches on Rome, the last piece of the Risorgimento.
          • the pope, the papal possessions, and clericalism
          • the french army protecting the pope
        • Cavour recognizes danger and sends a Piedmontese army to block the Redshirts form Rome.
        • Negotiations with Garibaldi compromise: the Pope keeps Rome, but the rest of the Papal States are free to join New Italy. Also Garibaldi recognizes Victor Emmanuel as king of a constitutional monarchy.
        • The Papal States and the two Sicilies have a plebiscite to decide their allegiance. All join New Italy in 1861
• Italian Problems after Reunification
  • north/south tension
  • the north is rich, the south is poor. modern versus backward.
  • few natural resources: oil, coal, iron ore, with limited imperial opportunities
  • Italian Nationalists feel unfulfilled because Rome and Venetia are still outside of Italy, as is Trieste, Istria, Trentino, Nice and Savoy and Dalmatian Coast
  • The term Irredenta means unredeemed territory, the english word irredentism.
• The Formation of Germany (1862-1871)
  • The Geography and set up
    • The largest German state is Austria, which is a barrier to unification.
    • Southern German states include Baden, Wittenberg, Bavaria are all very Catholic.
    • North Germany (north of the main river) include Prussia and about 30 other small german states are predominantly Protestant (Lutheran).
    • The 30 years' war antipathies reverberate
    • Austria does not want a united Germany. They fear militaristic Prussia.
    • Austria is weakened by the Crimean and Italian Wars
  • Prussian background
    • Prussia feels their power is on the wane
    • The King of Prussia is Wilhelm II (Hohenzollern) wants to expand Prussia not unite North German States.
    • Prussia is primarily an agrarian state with large landed estates which until 1848 was worked by serfs who were Polish, not German. The Prussian aristocracy were known as Junkers, who are regionalized by their name. (example Otto von Bismarck)
    • Sons of junkers would have to either join the military or perform civil service
    • In the 19th century Prussia had slowly expanded through dynastic marriage into the Rhineland region, which is highly industrial. In the Rhineland, classical liberals, socialists, and conservative Junkers mix here.
    • The Prussian government is barely democratic; it has a Diet which has almost no power over the Chancellor (like a Prime Minister). The Chancellor is only responsible to the King, and cannot be over ruled by the Diet.
    • In 1861, the King will appoint a young Junker career politician as his Chancellor: Otto von Bismarck. Junker, by his mom was daughter of a wealthy industrialist from the Rhineland.
    • Otto von Bismarck is a conservative, staunch Protestant, and opium addict. He is not a german nationalist, but he is willing to use German Nationalism to expand the power of Prussia and his king; he is what is called a real Politik.
  • Revamping the army and war starts
    • Bismarck asks the Diet for funds for the army, and when they vote no, Bismarck collects the taxes anyway.
    • The new invention the Needle Gun give the Prussian army an increase in firepower by 150%
    • in 1864 the Duke of Holstein dies. When Bismarck wants to claim the area but Austria objects. Bismarck lures his Austrian antagonist to aid him in a war with the Danes, where they would split the conquest and call it a day.
    • The Prussians win the Danish War of 1864 (a quick victory).
    • Bismarck lets the Austrians march through Prussia and creates tensions when the Austrian soldiers commit atrocities, and provokes war.
  • The Austro-Prussian or the 7 weeks' war
    • The norther german states and Austria fight Prussia aided by Italy
    • The Italians get Venetia, the irredenta, after Prussia defeats Austria.
    • In 1866 and 1867, the Northern German states form the Northern German Confederation under the rule of Wilhelm II and the Chancellorship of Bismarck. This is basically an extension of the Prussian state. Northern Germany is unified.
  • Unifying the Southern German States
    • Provoking France
      • The southern German States, who historically sought protection from Austria, now seek protection from France.
      • Bismarck now sees France as the last impediment to the complete expansion of Prussia.
      • Bismarck now awaits an opportunity to weaken France and bring the South German States into the Prussian fold.
      • In 1869-1860 the King of Spain and his underage daughter (infanta), who is a nymphomaniac, dies.
      • Spain has no ruler, so various factions compete and the Spanish offer the throne to the Nephew of the King of Prussia.
      • Hohenzollern claim on the throne alarms France, who are determined to kill this deal.
      • In 1870, Wilhelm II is on vacation in the resort town (spa) of Ems. He is approached by the French foreign minister who demands/asks/suggests that the king tell Spain "no way" and reject the offer. He further says instructs or insults Wilhelm and tells him to deny the Spanish throne in perpetuity.
      • Wilhelm telegraphs Bismarck and explains the showdown, which famously became known as the Ems dispatch.
      • Bismarck edits (creatively) and publishes the dispatch in newspapers. The Germans and the French are now insulted.
    • War
      • Napoleon III is now fearful of Prussia's growing power, he needs a foreign success to bolster his regime after the disaster of Maximilian in Mexico.
      • In 1879, Napoleon II declares war on the Northern German Confederation because if he doesn't fight Prussia then he will look bad, also if he doesn't fight Prussia then Prussia will continue to grow stronger.
      • Prussians pour across the border and surround the main French Army in the Fortress of Sedan. French Army is utterly defeated and Napoleon III captures and forced to abdicate. They are leaderless!
      • The Prussian army lays siege to Paris, while shelling it for months.
      • Inside the Parisian workers revolt against the authorities and form the Commune of Paris, which is a Republican/Socialist revolution. However, Bismarck won't accept surrender form an "illegitimate" government. Bismarck demands a UMS election in France to produce a government to surrender.
      • In 1871, the French Government comes back with the 3rd Republic and signs the Treaty of Frankfurt.
        • France gives up Alsace-Lorraine, which has a German minority, lots of iron ore, and strategic location for control of the Rhineland.
        • Since France started the war, they have to pay reparations of 5 Billion Gold francs to the Germans to fuel their Industrial Revolution.
        • These results cause France to turn to Revanchism, a policy of revenge.
    • Results
      • the South German States now turn to Prussia for protection and unity.
      • in 1871, all the German Princes will convene and proclaim the German Empire under the Rule of Kaiser Wilhelm.
      • Chancellorship of Bismarck in a Prussian from of government.
      • In honor of the HRE, its called the 2nd Reich.
      • The Germans in an extra-butthole move, proclaim the 2nd Reich in Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors.
      • From 1871-1900 Germany is the most powerful industrial country in Europe
      • By the way, 1870, while France is getting defeated,