Jeffersonian Republicanism (1801-1825)

• Intro
  • Presidents: Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe. Also called the Virginia Dynasty
  • Inauguration was moved from March to January because of transportation purposes
  • His speech at inauguration he said, "We are all Federalists, we are all democratic republicans."
  • appointed lots of democratic republicans to office, creating the spoils system
  • first to do the State of the Union address in writing since he wasn't a very good speaker. This wouldn't change until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson became president.
• Reversed many Federalist Policies
  • The Naturalization Act was changed. The requirements for citizenship moved from 14 years back to 5. Today is is 7 years.
  • The Sedition Act was not reversed because it expired in 180. Jefferson wasn't happy with the act, so in order to make a point out of it, he pardoned everyone convicted under the act and paid back all fines plus interest.
  • The Judiciary Act
    • Background: the Federalists lost everything after 1800, so they barricaded the Federal Supreme Court. Passed the Judiciary Act of 1801. Also made 16+ new courts, all filled with Federalists. These judges were called the Midnight Judges.
    • Democratic Republicans passed the Judiciary Act of 1802 to demolish the Judiciary Act of 1801.
    • William Marbury was supposed to be the Justice of the Peace for Washington DC, and when Jefferson forbid Madison to deliver the appointments, Marbury went to talk to John Marshall (the supreme court chief justice). This led to Marbury vs. Madison 1803.
      • Marbury wants a Writ of Mandamus. Hand over the appointments.
      • According to Article 3, the court does have the power to issue writs, which is found in section 13 of the JA of 1789. But since it was an original case, they don't have power except on appeals. It was a moot point.
      • He gave up a little bit of power (he can't issue writs on original cases), in order to firmly establish judicial review.
    • Thomas Jefferson decides to get rid of some of the other older judges who were unfit for office: John Pickering- a Federalist District court for New Hampshire. They also tried to remove supreme court justice Samuel Chase, but it didn't work. The good thing about Samuel Chase not getting kicked out preserved the checks and balances.
  • Reversing Fiscal Policy: The Secretary of treasury Albert Gallatin was from Pennsylvania and advised George Washington not to do the Whiskey Tax, but Washington didn't listen.
    • First: they repealed all excise (internal taxes)
    • Second: Reduce army. Thomas Jefferson believed in a militia because it was cheap, and it meant that there was no standing army.
    • Third: Reduce navy. Jefferson instead made the mosquito fleet or "Jeffs." He was fine with not having ships since the ships protected the NE merchants, who were usually Federalists.
    • TJ inconsistencies
      • He created United States Military Academy (West Point)..... "Would a good pacifist build a military academy?"
      • Jefferson cuts the navy, makes his little pretend boats, and then sends the navy to N. Africa to deal with the pirates. He couldn't send the mosquitos because they couldn't make it across the Atlantic, so he instead sent Adam's ships that he never used. "Would a good pacifist send war ships to beat up on the Barbary Pirates?" This was called the Tripolitan War. The hero of this war and the youngest captain ever in US History is Stephan Decatur. He was 25 years old.
        • Side note Algerian War in 1815 was the end of the Barbary Pirates. This was also maybe because of the defeat of Napoleon.
• Thomas Jefferson and the West: the West in these days was between the Appalachians and the Mississippi.
  • National Embarrassment
    • Yazoo Claims: in 1795 (Washington's second term) a very corrupt Georgian legislature sold huge chunks of land out there at a very cheap price.
      • In 1797 the whole Georgian Legislature was elected anew. All the new land was taken away, the bribe, and the interest was taken from the prospectors. The prospectors were angry and gave Georgia such a headache, that they handed the land over to the National Government. The headache was now transferred to the National Government.
      • Thomas Jefferson asked for James Madison's advice on what to do. Madison suggested to give the surveyors just enough money to shut them up. However, its not the president or the Secretary of State who writes the checks. Its the Ways and Means committee in the House of Representatives. The head of this committee was called John Randolph. Randolph was a weird ass mf though and a hard core Republican. Since it was so corrupt, he would not write the check to the speculators.
      • Fletcher vs. Peck in 1810. John Marshall ruled in favor of the speculates because of Article 1 Section 10 about contracts. Randolph said he still wouldn't pass the bill, but when he wasn't elected in 1812 because he was against the war, they passed the bill to give the money to the speculators.
  • National and Personal Success
    • Louisiana Purchase
      • France has the Louisiana until the end of the French and Indian War. They then give it to the Spanish because they lost, but Napoleon will take it again because he wants to take over the world in 1801
      • Robert Livingston: the ambassador to France (also part of the Committee of five who wrote the Declaration). Livingston was worried about France taking Louisiana because France was a much bigger threat to the US than Spain. In 1802 New Orleans got shut down and the US lost the right of deposit on the Mississippi, and this was the last straw.
      • Washington sent Monroe and 10 million dollars to buy either side of the Mississippi river bank. However, when they got there and spoke with Talleyrand, he offered them the entire Louisiana purchase. The irony: the British lent the money to the US, who paid the money to France, who used it to beat up on the British.
      • Why did Napoleon change? apparently he had an epiphany while in the bathtub, but I guess no one knows for sure.
        • The slave uprising in Haiti led by Toussaint L'Ouverture in 1791. They chose this time to revolt because of the French Revolution.
        • Napoleon really needed dat cash money to fund the Napoleonic Wars, which started in 1801.
        • Napoleon also wanted to ensure that the US didn't ally with the British.
      • Success and Results: The Federalists started using Jefferson's arguments against him, and Jefferson started using the Federalist arguments. The only difference is who is in power.
      • Boundaries: Jefferson sent Merriweather Lewis, William Clark, and Zebulon Pike
        • Pike got arrested and promised to go straight home after being caught on Spanish Territory, but moseyed around a bit more before finally turning around.
        • The Corps of Discovery: There were 45 members in the Lewis was the military guy and leader, while Clark was the map maker and artist. Clark's slave named York and Lewis's Newfoundland hound called Seaman came along. York was a great icebreaker with the Indians because of his curly hair, handsome looks, and dark skin. No one really know was he looks like or what happened to him afterwards. Lloyd was the only person to die on the expedition.
  • Personal Embarrassment
    • Aaron Burr
      • Background: Jonathan Edwards, the famous Awakening preacher was his grandfather. Aaron Burr decides to run for senate in New York and defeats Philip Schuyler, Hamilton's father in law. This is important because Hamilton and Burr end up in a duel. Burr was also very active in the Tammany Society, which was originally a drinking club, but evolved into Tammany Hall which was a powerful political machine. The political machine Tammany Hall made him so popular that he started to get vain and lust for the presidency.
      • Essex Junto (junto means together in Spanish): a political club in Essex, Massachusetts. They were almost a Succession movement who wanted to create a new country out of the NE colonies and New York, but they fizzled out a bit when they couldn't find a good leader.
      • Burr decided to run for governor of New York and got the position. When Hamilton starting interfering with Burr's political party of weird Federalists and unhappy democrats, Burr challenged to Hamilton to a duel. The two met at 6 in the morning in Weehawken, New Jersey. Burr kills Hamilton, but is never found guilty of treason.
      • Burr goes back to Washington and helps Samuel Chase stay in office in 1804. After that he joins forces with Wilkinson and tries to make a separate country out of western states and Louisiana. Emperor Burr? Jefferson has Burr arrested using the US Marshalls and tries Burr in Richmond for treason. John Marshall comes down to Richmond to rule the Burr Conspiracy Case. John Marshall orders Jefferson to come to court, but Jefferson says I'm not coming and you can't make me. Burr is eventually found not-guilty so Marshall wins. Article 3 Sectoin 3: about treason. Need 2 witnesses to convict someone of treason, and it must be an overt act of treason.
  • Foreign Affairs
    • Background
      • The Tiger or the Shark? the tiger is France because they have massive land power and the shark is GBR because they have the greatest navy in the world.
      • Napoleonic Wars: We thought that we had the right to trade with everyone because we were neutral. This was called re-export trade. The British were mad because we were trading with the French West Indies, we didn't renew the Jay's treaty, and we were starting to become their commercial competition.
      • The British created the Orders-in-Council to deal with American "merchant marines." Basically the US was producing lots of ships and becoming the merchant competition.
      • Napoleon was angry because we traded with the British West Indies, so he decided to hit us with the Berlin and Milan Decrees.

The Federalist Era 1789-1801 Adam's Presidency

• Adam's Presidency
  • Election of 1796
    • For the Federalist Party: John Adams and T Pinckney
    • For Democratic Republic Party: Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burn
    • Adams got the most electoral votes, and TJ got the second. This would be like President Obama, vice president John Mccain. The 12th amendment solved this problem, so this would never happen again.
  • The Quasi-War with France: Quasi means half man half animal like in the hunchback of Notre Dame. This war was like a half war. France was upset about:
    • they really wanted their debts payed back. US said, "The check is in the mail."
    • France pretended they wanted us to honor the treaty of alliance from 1778. If they really wanted them to honor the treaty, then we would be enemies of GBR. aka they didn't want us to be enemies with GBR, but they didn't want us to trade with them either.
    • Adams sent over John Marshall, Elbridge Gerry (Gerrymandering), and Charles Cotes Pinckney (not Charles Pinckney) to meet with Charles Talleyrand to avoid war.
    • XYZ affair: the three French minions were being a jerk to the three American diplomats and demanded $250,000 to speak with Talleyrand. The Americans told the minions to stick it up their asses, and then came home to tons of parties and celebrations for denying the French. "Millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute," Said Marshall. The newspapers didn't know what to call the French minions, so they started to refer to them as X, Y, and Z.
  • Undeclared Naval War with France 1798-1800: The XYZ affair got people all fired up, and led to the creation of the Department of the Navy in 1798. America prepared for war, but technically it was an undeclared war. US also created frigates, which was a type of battleship.
    • Adams still wanted to avoid war with France so he again sent over the 3 foreign delegates. Napoleon realized he didn't want the US as an enemy. The Convention of 1800 was signed, which annulled the Franco-American alliance, avoided war between the US and France, and smoothed things over with the French. This allowed Thomas Jefferson to do the Louisiana purchase later.
  • Domestic Events under John Adams
    • The Alien Act 1798: allowed the president to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace, and jail dangerous foreigners in times of war. Also increased the years before an alien could become a citizen from five years to fourteen years. These laws are anti-french immigrants, and the laws tried to stop the immigrants voting for the democratic republicans.
    • The Sedition Act 1798: forbid anyone to say or print anything against the government. This is very unconstitutional. Matthew Lyon the "Spitting Lion," got into a fight with Roger Griswold over an argument about the Sedition Act. They actually dueled with fire pokers on the floor of the House.
    • Virginia Resolution (written by James Madison) and Kentucky Resolutions (written by Thomas Jefferson) were written to avoid another revolution. They drew up the Compact Theory of Government (John Locke and Montesquieu ideas here). This reaffirmed the idea of the contract between the national government and the states' government. The states have the right to declare laws null (the Theory of Nullification). When this doesn't work, the next step is succession. They weren't really followed, but they were advertisements and campaign tools for the Elections of 1800.
  • The Election of 1800: same candidates as 1796.
    • This was where mudslinging started. Jefferson called Adams a jack-ass for wasting money on ships that were never used. Jefferson was accused of having an affair.
    • Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied, both with 73 electoral votes. After tying 35 times in the House, Jefferson was elected on the 36th time in the House.
    • This election is referred to the Revolution of 1800. There was a change of political ideology.

The Federalist Era 1789-1801 Foreign Affairs, the rest of Washington's Presidency

• Foreign Affairs
  • Intro: make sure that we know at least three arguments that Hamilton and Jefferson had domestically, because now we are going to learn about arguments they had internationally. The arguments that they were having only got worse with international affairs, until eventually Thomas Jefferson resigned
  • The French Revolution
    • 1789 broke out the same year George Washington became president. Started on July 14, 1789 with the storming of the Bastille, which was an armory and jail for the political prison.
    • What revolutionaries wore: the sans culottes (long pants without silk stockings) the bone rouge (the red cap) and the tricolor flag.
    • Three Phases of the Revolution
      • Phase 1 was lead by the middle class. Bourgeois wanted a constitutional monarchy like the British. Wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man, which had lots of similar ideas to the Declaration of Independence. Most people were enamored of the French wanting to be like the US.
      • Phase 2 was lead by Robespierre and his followers, the Jacobins. This period was called the Reign of Terror because of the invention of the guillotine by a doctor, who wanted to make executions more humane. Killed Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette and abolished the Catholic Church. By this phase, 90% of people in the US hated the French Revolution.
      • The Wars of the French Revolution1793-1799: Austria attacked to stop the spread of the Revolution, but the French Revolutionaries kicked them out. GBR tried to stop the Revolution from spreading.
        • What position would America take on the Wars of the French Revolution? Would America honor the Treaty of Alliance of 1788, created after the Battle of Saratoga. No. George said that we did not have sufficient funds or troops to help and issued the Proclamation of Neutrality 1793. Hamilton was really happy, and Jefferson was upset. Right away France tested America's neutrality. They sent Genêt to land in the Boston harbor, and received a large and popular arrival.
          • Genêt issued the Letters of Marquis, which gave permission to American privateers to attack British ships under the French flag. The Little Democrat was a ship that almost caused lots of trouble for the American government and inflicted the most damage on British ships.
          • Genêt started recruiting forces to fight in the was against the Spanish in Florida.
          • He told the peole to put preassure on the pres to pay back the debts they owed France
          • Started republican clubs, which were jacobin clubs
        • Finally George Washington told Genêt to shut up or get out, and Genêt chose to shut up for fear of getting his head cut off in the 3rd phase of the French Revolution. Genêt ended up marrying the daughter of the governor of New York's daughter and lived happily ever after. Jefferson resigned in late 1793, and Washington politely accepted his resignation.
  • Anglo-American Relations
    • The British testing Washington's Neutrality
      • First Issue: The British were still in the forts in America. The British would trade guns and alcohol with the Indians and encourage them to attack the Americans.
        • The Miami Confederacy was now armed with guns, and their goal was to not let the Americans take over the rest of Ohio. Governor Arther St. Claire of Ohio was ambushed by Native American chiefs Little Turtle and Blue Jacket on the Wabash river. The governor was killed as well as his troops.
        • The Native Americans thought that the Americans would be intimidated by this ambush, but it made them really angry.
        • Battle of Fallen Timbers "Mad" Anthony Wayne attacked the Indians in the exact same way the Indians attacked the Americans.
        • Led to the treaty of Greenville in 1795: Indians would give up lots of land in Ohio, and stop talking to the British.
      • Second Issue: Impressment- when the British captured American sailors, they forced them to serve in the British navy. As many as 300 sailors were taken from American boats to fight the French.
    • George Washington sends John Jay to GBR to negotiate in 1794 to avoid a war.
      • Thomas Jefferson wanted war with the British, but the Federalists did not because it would mess up the trade in Hamilton's financial plans.
      • Hamilton sent a letter to London containing everything that Jay was going to try and negotiate. Hamilton was scared that Jay would start a war.
      • Jay's Treaty 1794: British would leave their American trading posts, and pay back damages for their ship damages. Americans were required to pay back pre revolutionary war debts, did not receive compensation for slaves, and were required to pay back factors. The South was furious but it kept the peace.
  • Pinckney's Treaty (San Lorenzo): it was immensely successful! Spain gave up lots of things in this treaty because they thought that Jay's Treaty allied GBR and the US.
    • use of the Mississippi river and the right of deposit
    • 31 degrees land they were given
    • Spanish said that they would get control of their Indians, the Seminoles
• The Rest of Washington's Presidency
  • The Two Party System: caused by the reaction to Jay's Treaty
    • The Federalists and the Anti-Federalists were two political factions not parties. They existed over the sole issue of ratifying the Constitution. Antifederalist was not a political party.
    • Democratic Republicans vs. The Federalists
      • Democratic Republican Beliefs:
        • wanted alliance with the French
        • more concentrated in the South
        • planters, yeoman farmers, and other lower class jobs. In the North they were craftspeople, shop owners
        • strict interpretation of the Consitution
        • weaker central government, and supported the 10th amendment
      • Federalist Beliefs:
        • alliance with the British for trade purposes, Hamilton's fiscal program
        • concentrated in the north especially NE like NY. lived mostly in coastal cities.
        • merchants, lawyers, bankers, doctors, educated people
        • loose interpretation of the Constitution
        • wanted strong government, strong presidency, and supported the elastic clause.
  • George Washington's farewell address.
    • established the 2 term tradition
    • Alexander Hamilton actually wrote George's Farewell address, and warned against 3 things
      • political parties because they will tear the country apart
      • permanent, entangling alliances because they will drag you into a war every time
      • sectionalism. think of the country first before the state
  • Washington's accomplishments
    • under his presidency established the financial system
    • 3 states were added: Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee
    • got into 0 wars
    • Parson Weems wrote a biography of George Washington that turned him into a god, almost.