IA Information

For everyone who was at the zoo yesterday, all you miss was us going over some requirements for our IA coming up. Here are the due dates and everything!

IB History SL/HL Internal Assessment

• Topic source for HL students is a choice from Paper 3, either the Americas or Euro category
• Part A: Plan of Investigation
  • 100-150 words due on December 15
• Part B: Summary of Evidence
  • 450-600 words due January 25
• Part C: Evaluate 2 Sources
  • 400-500 words due February 5
• Part D: Analysis
  • "Research Question"450- 600 words due February 19
• Part E: Conclusion
  • Conclusion 100-150 due March 4
• Final and Bibliography
  • 1500-2000 words due March 24

China post World War 1

• 1899 Boxer Rebellion had revealed the depths of strangling imperialism in China
  • Germany- Shautung
  • Britain- Yangtze
  • France- Indochina
  • Russia and Japan- Manchuria and Korea
  • US- anywhere we could find an "open door," which the Chinese see as an expression of imperialism
• The Xinhai Revolution
  • Problems with China
    • The Chinese see the Qing Dynasty as Manchurian interlopers.
    • After the Boxer Rebellion, the Manchus had attempted to modernize China on the Japanese model, but only succeeded in increasing China 's debt in imperialism.
    • China, plagued by foreign debt, had decentralized with the advent of imperialism.
  • The Kuomintang (KMT)
    • Russian influence in China is severely limited by the Russo-Japanese war in 1905. The Chinese secret society nationalists have been coalesced into a primary organization called the Kuomintang.
  • Dr. Sun Yat-sen
    • The founder of the Kuomintang is considered the father of modern in China, Dr. Sun Yat-sen from Hong Kong (on the Cantonese side of the Cantonese South vs Mandarin North)
    • Dr. Sun is educated in an American School in Hawaii and a Western POV. He graduates from Med School in Hong Kong, but eschews Medicine for politics.
    • Dr. Sun goes on a world tour and becomes the voice for China. In the US Sun is involved with Chautauqua and speaks about China while raising money for Chinese freedom from imperialism. He is the fundraiser for the KMT.
    • He will soon publish his lecture series under the title the Three People's Principles.
      • Livelihood
        • social welfare and economic self sufficiency since China is impoverished by imperialism.
        • China has little native capitalism and there is a need to remove foreign economic influence and allow the wealth of China to be reinvested domestically
      • Nationalism
        • Dr. Sun claimed that China is an ancient and advanced civilization but they are stuck in the past.
        • The Confucian values do not serve China well in the modern world
        • The Chinese have lived too long in the family and in the clan. They need to develop a national outlook. In other words, the Chinese people are all "a loose sheet of sand" that "needs to become a solid unit."
      • Democracy
        • UMS, but leadership by the oligarchy, like the Philosopher-Kings
        • He favors a Republic but sees some value in Marxist, but is not a doctrinare Leninist.
        • Sun also thinks that there are positive elements in capitalism outside of Imperialism, but China has its own Volksgeist and will develop a unique form of Democracy.
  • In 1911, the KMT will overthrown the last Manchu emperor, Pu-yi (5 years old) in what is called the Xinhai Rebellion
• Dr. Sun is proclaimed the President of the Republic of China, but is faced with many problems
  • Warlordism
    • local power brokers with private armies who collect and keep traditional taxes.
    • they fight other war lords for territory and defy the central government.
    • Dr. Sun feels China would be better served if he resigned in favor of a military leader.
  • North South tension
  • China also faced increasing threat of a strong militaristic Japan.
    • Dr. Sun sees that perhaps he is not best suited to unify China, so he turns the Presidency over to General Yuan Shih-Kai who is a Mandarin authority in Army.
    • The Mandarin ex imperial General Yuan Shih Kai has eyes on the Emperor's throne
• World War 1
  • The advent of World War 1 greatly decreases the influence of Europeans such as the British, French, Russians, and Germans in China, but increase the power of Japan and the US who rush in to capture the Chinese markets.
  • Japan, entering WW1 as the ally of Great Britain, seeks only to conquer and possess German colonies in the Pacific and most importantly the large German concession (exclusive market) on the Shantung Peninsula.
  • Japan has already has a large sphere of influence in Manchuria and a formal colony in Korea, both from the Russo-Japanese War in 1905.
  • By Early 1915 Japan has conquered and defeated the Germans on Shandong.
  • Japan wants to keep Shantung and takes advantage of Europe's preoccupation with World War 1 to expand their position in China.
  • In early 1915, Japan issues an ultimatum to China called the 21 Demands. 5 groups of demands were placed before China who is still shaky from the 1911 government change.
    • Japan wants China's recognition of their control of Shantung, in addition Japan demands further economic and sphere of influence position on the peninsula.
    • The South Manchurian Railway that goes to Manchuria and natural resources lease extended for 99 years. Japan wants an expanded right of way around the railway with the ability to protect with Japanese troops.
    • They also want an expanded sphere of influence in Manchuria that goes beyond the treaty of Portsmouth as well as a sphere of influence in adjoining Inner Mongolia
    • They demand settlement rights with extraterritoriality
    • Bans China from granting further concessions without Japanese approval
    • Control or ownership of Hanyeping industrial/ mining complex in lieu of Chinese debt to Japan
    • China must hire Japanese consultants to oversee China's finances and police force. Japan gets the right to build/own 3 more railways.
    • Japan is also allowed to build Shinto and Buddhist temples and schools in China
    • DAYUM
  • Yuan Shih-Kai (who might be collaborative with Japan?) agrees to the first 4, much to the chagrin of Dr. Sun, who establishes a rival government to Beijing in Canton. Southern China devolves into a civil war.
  • Both the British and the US are unhappy with Japan's power grab in China. The US negotiates the Lansing-Ishii Agreement in 1917, which confirms Japans expanded position in Manchuria while re-affirming the Open Door Policy.
  • Japan's continued or growing imperialism further destabilizes China.
• Growing mistrust of Japan by the US and their ally GB after 21 demands
  • Treaty of Versailles will divest Germany of Asian concessions and island colonies
  • China at Paris in 1919 pleas for an end to concessions, unequal treaties etc, citing Wilsonian Idealism.
  • Treaty of Versailles will confirm Japan's control of Shantung Peninsula and refuse to end economic imperialism due to high British and French foreign debt to the US.
  • When news of Versailles reaches China, there is a series of bloodshed and violent breakout called the May 4th Rebellion, intensifying the civil war.
  • At the same time Lenin and the Soviets renounce all imperialist treaties and concessions between China and the old Tsarist regime, "Who's your friend?"
  • The Soviets aid the KMT and Dr. Sun. Yuan Shih-Kai is associated with imperialism rival Japan.
  • Lenin sends a veteran Revolutionary and long time friend of Dr. Sun to China whose name is Borodin.
  • He is the front man for Comintern and aids China financially and militarily in 1921/ The Chinese Communist Party forms. In 1923 the KMT and the CCP merge

Communism around the globe

• The establishment of the USSR gives Communism a home base to operate from in 1919
• In 1919 the World's Marxists will convene in Bern, Switzerland in 3rd Communist International, and here a permanent split develops
  • Social Democrats: mild Marxists, union, participate in government welfare state, health care, head party in Weimar Republic, Samuel J Gompers and Eugene V Debs in the US
  • Hardcore Communists: revolutionary overthrow of capitalists and imperialist regimes, Lenin, Trotsky, Bolsheviks
• Communists triumph at the 3rd International and remove it permanently to Moscow.
• The Comintern
  • They rename the 3rd International Convention the Comintern, and it becomes the world Revolutionary center.
  • The Center of the World Communism is headed by Grigori Zinoviev, who funds and supports communism across the world
  • The Comintern provides aid, arms, and ideology to other communists movements in the West after 1918
  • They eventually failed in Germany (Spartakist) and in Hungary (Bela Kun) due to the aberration of those other Marxists, the Social Democrats in traditional political parties.
  • After 1921, their focus in the west is the defeat of the "Mensheviks" in the class war.
  • The Comintern finds fertile ground as an agent of anti-imperialism more so than the anti-capitalism. In Asia they also do not have a competitive form of Marxism to fight.
  • Asia will see the spread of Communism most effectively due in no small part to the proximity of USSR.

The Russian Revolution of 1917

I tried to get all these notes down, but I'm not positive I did so sorry about that! Also I think the section German Brain Warfare is not placed chronologically but hey, what can ya do.

Context

• The Revolution of 1905, the October Manifesto, the Duma
• the appearance of Soviet Political Parties, for example
  • the SRs (Social Revolutionaries/ agricultural peasants)
  • the Kadets (Classical liberals)
  • the Mencheviks (Classical Mild Marxists/ urban proletariat)
  • the Bolsheviks (Revolutionary Marxists/ urban proletariet)
• The Stoylpin Reforms make the mir peasants landowners to try and create a mobile working class.
  • They are hoping that Russia might segue-way into an Industrial Revolution
• Foreign Policy failure
  • In 1914 Russian Foreign Policy embroils them in WW1 (for Serbia?). Across Europe there is wild enthusiasm for war, except in Russia.
    • Russian peasants are land hungry, and disaffected from the Revolution of 1905, which was urban.
    • The Nationalism within Russia is growing, especially in light of Russia's continual failure in foreign policy. The Autocratic government rejected many minorities in the government led suppressions called Pograms, especially against the Jews.
    • The War is greeted enthusiastically by middle and upper classes (the intelligentsia) but quickly fades with autocratic ineptitude.
  • The Zemstvos across Russia organizes food drives and local initiative to improve transportation and food production outside of government auspices.
    • Major cities like Petrograd, see industries form councils to prioritize production, share labor and resources. These are roles that Autocratic Bureaucrats should have carried, but were unable or unwilling to. Bribery and graft were still rampant in Russia.
    • As the war continues, the ineptitude of the Autocracy and the apathy of soldiery make defeat inevitable. Sykes-Picot keeps Russia in the war.
    • The Tsarina/Rasputin fear liberalism and see war as an opportunity to crush the Western influences of France and Great Britain while increasing power of the Czar.
    • The middles classes fear the German-born Tsarina is a secret agent of the Kaiser.
    • Fear of the Liberalism will lead to the disbanding of the 1915, and there after Nicholas II takes personal command of the armies at the front. As the war worsens, discord among the middle class heightens. Socialists in Russia (unlike the Rest of Europe) openly oppose the war.
• The February Revolution
  • A new Duma is elected in 1916, and it is conservative but questions the conduct of war. In February 1917 (which is actually March because of their messed up calendar) bread riots break out in Petrograd.
    • The issue for Russia is internal transportation, since their is poor organization and lots of corruption. The workers' rioting is ordered to be shut down by royal troops; however, the soldiers being to mutiny and begin to form worker and soldier councils called Soviets.
    • The Soviets across Petrograd will send representatives to a larger Petrograd Soviet (PS), which is mainly composed of social revolutionaries and Mencheviks. The Bolsheviks are considered the worst and are the minority.
    • The Duma reacts and demands the advocation of the Tsar, who attempts to reenter Petrograd, but is stopped. Nicholas II abdicates on March 1917 in favor of his brother Constantine. However, he also refuses the throne.
  • Thereafter, governmental power is seized by the Duma, who will form a Provisional Government (PG). The Provisional Government, which is quickly recognized by the Allies but has little popular support, has the power.
    • The Soviets have lots of popular support, but no recognition or power.
    • The next 8 months will see both institutions try to attain balance in their deficiencies. The initial PG is headed by Prince Lvov is mainly made of Kadetsm Conservatives, and 1 Social Revolutionary Alexandar Kenensky
    • The PG fears the PS and seeks to win popular support and foreign support through victory on the battlefield; the PG stays in the war under worsening conditions.
    • The PG has dual goals: 1) they want national UMS elections for a constituent assembly, a written constitution, and a legitimate government and 2) they want to redistribute land to win peasant support. Neither of these initiatives occur, the war continues, and the PG looses power.
    • By May 1917, the PG will launch a new offensive agains the Germans with disastrous effects: the desertions and rioting increase.
• The July Days
  • a reaction to the aristocratic February Revolution and the continued disasters at the front (continued participation in the war). It was supported by German funds.
  • Premature working class Revolution, which was opposed but supported by the Bolsheviks.
  • The revolt is suppressed, and the Bolsheviks are blamed.
  • Trotsky is arrested and Lenin dresses as a woman and flees to Finland. The opportunity to crush the power of the Petrograd Soviet.
• Kornilov Counter revolution
  • Kornilov is in conjunction with Kerensky and the Provisional Government
  • General Kornilov, who is Tsarist, leads loyal troops int Petrograd to destroy the power of the Petrograd Soviet.
  • The remaining Bolshevik leaders are instrumental in stopping Kornilov, and the Provisional Government is complicit.
  • This leads to the rebirth of Bolsheviks and the return of Lenin.
  • After the Kornilov affair the Bolsheviks will gain the majority control inside the Petrograd Soviet.
  • Lenin introduces a 4 point plan in August 1917
    • Immediate peace with the Central Powers
    • An immediate redistribution of gentry lands to peasants without competition
    • All major industries will be placed under the control of factory workers' councils. The war production would continue under worker control.
    • all government power should shift from the Provisional Government to the Soviets, "All power to the Soviets."
• The Actual Russian Revolution
  • Kerensky's reaction to dissolve the Provisional Government is to form a pre Parliament with wide representation. The Unions, Kadets, Conservatives, SRs, and Mencheviks will be invited but these groups have lost popular support, especially inside Petrograd.
  • Pre-Parliament set the date and finally they elect a Constituent Assembly, meanwhile the war continues.
  • Lenin and Bolshevik Central Committee votes with a slim majority to overthrow the Pre Parliament (the Provisional Government).
  • The Bolsheviks are mostly supported by Russian Sailors take over the water, radio, and electrical plants, police stations, and newspapers rather bloodlessly.
  • The Revolutionists are comprised mainly by Zinoviev, Kamenev, and Bukharin. Remember these three names!
  • Kerensky tries to rally support, but flees the country to New York City and creates the famous Russian Tea Room. He lives until 1970.
  • Lenin establishes a non government based upon the Council of the People's Commissions.
  • Lenin becomes the Premier, Trotsky is the head of the Foreign Commission and the Commission of Army. Commisson of Nationalities is Josef Stalin.
  • Lenin allows the Constituent assembly election to occur and in meantime concludes the Treaty of Brest Litovsk which gets Russia out of the war.
  • The Constituent Assembly convenes in January 1918 with a SR majority of 21 million, and the Bolsheviks have 9million votes. Lenin sees that the Bolshevik minority is untenable and coerces the Russian sailors to dispense the Constituent Assembly.
  • Lenin claims the non-Bolsheviks are petit bourgeois. Establishes the Dictatorship of the Proletariat (a tight revolutionary elite that leads the ignorant masses down the proper path of Marxism)
  • Immediately, disgrnteled portions of Russia devolve into the Russian Civil War (1918-1921)
• The Russian Civil War
  • the Bolsheviks and the Communists control the core of the Soviet Union by the periphery is inhabited by armies of Pro-czarists, Kadets, SRs, and Mensheviks, and ethnic nationalists who all oppose the Bolsheviks, but will not cooperate with each other.
  • The Red Army of Trostky will be opposed a group collectively known as the "White Russians." Whites will be aided by Allies, who hope to get Russia back in the war. British, French, US, and Japanese all send troops and aid to the Whites.
  • Even the Germans help the whites after the armistice. The Bolsheviks employ the Red Terror against their enemies. They use a secret police force called the CHEKA.
  • Felix Dzheninsky kill hundreds of thousands of bourgeois enemies of state.
  • Trotsky recruits arms and trains a powerful Red Army who reconquer the Regions controlled by the White Russians.
  • In 1920 the Red Army will invade Poland for purposes of neconquest.
• German Brain Warfare
  • The Bolsheviks enter the scene with German help. Germans locate Lenin, Lev Kamenev, Zinoviev and Kruspskaya (Lenin's wife) in Switzerland and put them on a sealed train flush with cash and smuggle them into Petrograd in April 1917, hoping to destabilize Russia drive them out of war.
  • Lenin in teams with Trotsky, Stalin, and Bukarin immediately begin Bolshevik agitation.
  • They issue the April Theses which say that Russia only needs three things: "Peace, Land, and Bread"
    • Get out of the war, redistribute the land (appeals to the peasants), and feed the people (which would supposedly happen if the other two occurred)
  • Simultaneously, the Petrograd Soviet will issue the Special Order #1
    • all troops at the front will elect their officers or dessert
  • Old officers are Tsarist reactionaries and hope that elected officers will better lead soldiers. Special Oder #1 leads to a breakdown in discipline and increase in desertions.

Peace of Paris

• The Peaces of Paris are characterized by these exigencies
  • German War question: did they start it and did they loose it?
  • Looming threat of Communism
  • Economic Debt issues
• Specific issues included
  • The decomposition of the rotten corpses of the former empires of Russia, A-H, and Ottomans forming new states that are vulnerable to the spread of Communism, along with the rest of Eastern and Central Europe
  • Also the question of the German Colonial Possessions looms as well as fate of the Arabian portion of the Ottoman empire (Sykes-Picot agreement)
  • What to do with Russia and lands of Russia per Brest-Litovsk?
  • What should everyone do about the 14 points of Woody Wilson? Will they accept some or all or none of the points?
    • Disarmament and public diplomacy with no secret treaties
• On January 1919 40 Nations and other nationalities convene in Paris
• Proceedings will be dominated by 5 Countries, that are eventually whittled down to 3
  • US Representatives
    • Woodrow Wilson is the leader of the conference; he often makes decisions for himself
    • Wilson refuses to bring any Republicans on consult with them over the peace negotiations much to the discontent of Henry Cabot Lodge
    • Wilson is the last Virginian president, who was born before the Civil War, and enjoys making racist jokes but is a progressive liberal.
    • His 14 points have established the bans for the pace talks, especially for Germany.
    • Wilson is received as a hero all across Europe much to the dismay of western leaders.
    • He was the President of Princeton, Governor of New Jersey
    • Invented the Income tax, IRS and Federal Reserve, anti-trust, moral issues against suffrage and prohibition.
    • Wilson is brilliant, stubborn, and convinced of his own infallibility. Wilson's pet project above all else was the League of Nations
    • He also brought General Pershing, Secretary of State Robert Lansing, and confidante Colonel Edward House.
  • French Representatives
    • Georges Clemenceau, "The Tiger," when France was at its lowest and on the verge of dropping out personally holds France steady
    • he was born in 1841 (78 years old). He fought at Paris with the communards in 1871, journalist and close friend of Emil Zola, who wrote J'accuse about the Dreyfus affair.
    • Liberal politically, but tenacious in war. He had a running feud with the president Raymond Poincaré.
    • The French and Clemenceau are extremely Revanchist: Focus is
      • Alsace-Lorraine
      • Reparations
      • Security in the "next war"
        • make Germany smaller and break it up into its Constituent States, make a bunch of Independent Buffer states.
        • The Rhineland is annexed, but is made a DMZ.
        • France wants a guarantee of Great Britain and US in case of a future German attack
        • The French are very insecure
      • The public feel as though they have "won" the war and deserve something for winning
  • British position
    • Led by a conservative Prime Minister David Lloyd George
    • He is one of the first PMs not from the aristocracy
    • used to be the chancellor of the Exchequer, so he is very finance oriented
    • reorganized the entire British economy to fund the war
    • Lloyd George had to deal with the labor party during his election campaign that also coincided with the peacemaking treaties
    • The British want these things
      • High Seas Fleet
      • German colonies in Africa because of their Capetown to Cairo plan, and also in Arabia because it has oil
      • War costs of future Germans pay for pensions of vetrans
  • Italy's Issues
    • The Italians become allied with the Triple Entente in 1915 with the Treaty of London, which was a secret treaty promising irredenta.
    • They got South Tyrol, Trieste, and Istria, but not the Dalmatian Coast or Fiume.
    • Wilson refuses to recognize some irredenta because of the secret treaty, but awards others on the grounds of self determination.
    • The Italians are furious because they believe the treaty has been broken. 600,000 were killed in the war, and Fiume becomes the center of nationalist agitation
    • An Italian delegation led by Vittorio Orlando, a college professor, walks out in April 1919.
    • Italian irregular military occupy Fiumé under the leadership of Poet Gabriele D'annunzio.
    • The Italians are revisionist over the peace treaty, which leads to an overthrow of the Italian government by the right wing Fascisti of Benito Mussolini in 1922.
  • Japan's Desires
    • led by Prince Matsuoka and Prime Minister Ishii. Japan wants to be treated as an equal
    • Japan wants confirmation of their expanded position in Manchuria gained in 1916 through the 21 Demands, which they extorted from China and their de facto possession of the former German concession on Shantung Peninsula.
    • Japan also wants German possessions in Oceania: the Mariana and Caroline Islands (which they get) and the Solomans, Samoas, Bismarck Archipelago, and Kaiser Wilhelm land (which they don't get).
    • Japan also wants written into the Covenant of League of Nations a condemnation of racism by all member states.
    • The West embracism: Great Britain and the US are the main members. Prime Minister Billy Hughes supported racism because South Africa and Australia are still British possessions where racism would be "useful"
    • Japan gets pissed and goes home. This results in the embarking on the journey towards an independent foreign policy.
  • Other countries
    • Other Countries and nationalities come to Paris in 1919 "with a handle of gimmie and mouthful of much obliged."
    • Belgium wants reparations worth the entire value of their country in 1912
    • Also the Dominions want more autonomy. The U of SA, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
    • Some countries in Eastern Europe are already surreptitiously formed. The Poles, Yugoslavs, and Czechoslovakians all claim territory from neighbors. They ask for adjudication from the Big 3.
    • Nationalities ask for independence for example India. China wants a rejection of concessions and unequal treaties, which is denied.
    • Koreans, Vietnamese, Malaysians, Indonesians and Arabs especially, demand colonial independence and are also denied, this time for financial reasons
    • The Big 3 are responsible not only the Peace for World War, but also the redrawing of world maps.
• The Peace of Paris is made up of 5 treaties
  • Versailles with the Germans
    • Territory
      • Alsace Lorraine is given to France
      • Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium
      • Saar Basin is internationalized as a free city and administered by the League. The League leases it to France for 15 years, after which the city will hold a plebiscite to determine nationality.
      • Rhineland is DMZ
      • N Schleswig Holstein is given to Denmark
      • Danzig, a Polish Port, is Internationalized as a free city and governed by the League
      • West Prussia to Poland
      • Upper Silesia to Poland
      • Memel to Lithuania
    • Disarmament
      • The German army is limited to work with 12 year enlistments, which severely constricts the training of reserves.
      • High Seas Fleet is supposed to be turned over to the British, but the German sailors scuttle it (sink it on purpose).
      • They have arms limitations: no planes, or Zeppelins, tanks, submarines, or poison gas.
      • Moreover the French, who are concerned with security, get a guarantee from the British and US called the Anglo-American Guarantee promise to aid France if they are attacked.
    • Reparations
      • The War Guilt Clause in Article 23 means that Germany "agrees" to pay reparations, but the amount is undecided.
      • The Germans disagree, but the British blockade continues.
      • Eventually the Allied Reparations Commission in 1920 will set the cost at $27 Billion. John Maynard Keynes, a British expert disagrees because he thinks it will cause another war.
    • League of Nation
      • The charter/covenant of the League of Nations is a part of the treaty of Versailles.
      • Was the League an anti-German organization? The Germans were not allowed to join because Wilson said they were on "probation."
      • Germans do not wish to sign but eventually do. They call it the Diktat, which means a slave treaty, and they probably plan to circumvent it in the future.
      • Versailles never is tenable since
        • the Germans hate it
        • the US fails to ratify it because of the Cabinet war with Henry Cabot Lodge
        • the League lacks statute since the US, Germany, and Russia are not in.
        • The League appears to be a Franco-British policy front.
        • US failure to ratify also torpedoes the Anglo-American Guarantee to France, who seeks allies against Germany like Poland and Czechoslovakia.
  • St. Germaine with the Austrians
    • Disarmament
    • Reparations
    • Austria is stripped of territory
      • 80% territory loss
      • Bohemia and Moravia are given to Czecholslovakia
      • Galciia to Poland
      • Bukonina to Romania
      • Bosnia to Yugoslavia
      • Part of Austrian Slovenia goes to Yugoslavia
      • Italy gains South Tyrol, and Istria/Trieste
      • Transylvania to Romania from Hungary
      • Croatia to Yugoslavia from Hungary
      • Banat to Yugoslavia and Romania from Hungary
    • They are forbidden to unite with the Germans, which Hitler does later with the Anschluss.
    • Post-treaty Austrian government is a "democracy" dominated by aristocracy and the church
    • Basically they are right-wing, anti-semitic, and clerical fascists.
  • Trianon with Hungary
    • Reparations
    • Disarmament
    • They also faced territorial losses (65% of their territory) there are more Magyars outside than in Hungary. This makes them bitter revisionists.
    • Hungary is denied a King, going from a dual monarchy to an Empty Monarchy. Basically is a monarchy that agrees not to have a king, so they are permanently ruled by a regent named Admiral Horthy
    • Hungary is dominated by landed aristocracy, who eventually gravitates towards a right-wing, capitalist (fascist).
  • Poland
    • also gravitates to Right Wing government that is dominated by the Army. The Big 3 (Wilson, Clemenceau, and Lloyd-George) are trying to establish democracies in place of Divine Right Rulers east of the Rhine.
  • Neuilly with Bulgaria
    • Fought with the Central Powers because of their defeat and loss of territory in the 2nd Balkan War.
    • They face reparations and disarmament
    • Looses territory to Greece and Romania
  • The Treaty of Sevres
    • The first four treaties were all concluded by 1919 because of pressure over the threat of communism, and European economics conditions hasten this process.
    • Many countries on the Allied side, for example Italy, felt shorted by the first three treaties.
    • The Treaty of Sevres in 1920 is not concluded until April, which shows that basically there is no rush, and that the big powers see this as an opportunity for land grabs and balancing the power.
    • The division of the Ottoman Empire reflects continuing Imperialism, disdain for non-christians and certainly isn't based on Wilsonian Idealism. The Precursor of Sevres was Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) that showed that the European powers were already thinking out how to divide up the Ottoman Empire.
    • The treaty meant that the straits and Constantinople are internationalized, and Arab portions of the Ottoman Empire are divided.
    • The territorial terms of Sevre
      • European Turkey and Smyrna were annexed by Greece and there is a Greek sphere of influence north of the straights
      • The region around the straights and Constantinople are internationalized and governed by the League of Nations
      • Italy gets a large sphere of influence in SW and Southern Anatolia adjacent to the Dodecanese Islands (which they gained in 1911 during the Italo-Turkish War)
      • French get a sphere of influence in south central Turkey adjacent to a large area controlled by the French in present day Syria and Lebanon (Arab)
      • There is a joint sphere of influence with France in the west and the British in the east over the eventual country of Kurdistan.
      • British has a sphere of influence in Kurdistan is adjacent to a large Region centered on the Tigris and Euphrates river valley that includes the oil rich city of Mosul in Iraq.
      • Established an independent Armenia under a protectorate of the US, which we never ratify.
      • Britain also get control of two other regions in Arabia: TransJordan under the rule of King Hussein, and Palestine under the 1917 Balfour Declaration which designates Palestine as an eventual Jewish homeland, "with all eights to remain as an Arab native population"
      • The remainder of the Arabian Peninsula will become the Kingdom of Hejaz under the rule of King Faisal Saudi: Saudi Arabia.
    • Reaction to the Treaty
      • the Arabs are unhappy with Hussein because Lawrence of Arabia wanted a Pan-Arab State based out of Damascus.
      • The Turks, under Prime Minister Tewfik sign Sevres but fail to get approval of Turkish Parliament and the largest political party is the Young Turks under Kemal Ataturk (Mistapha Kemal).
      • They revolt and overthrow Tewfik and go to war with the Greeks, Italians, French, British, Arabs, and the Kurds and Americans in 1920-1922. They defeat the West!
      • 1923 Sevres regenerated through the treaty of Lausanne
        • Anatolia is the free representative of Turkey (1923)
        • Arab partition remains the same
• The Mandate System
  • a Franco-British invention to avoid the accusation of post war imperialism.
  • The Territories in Arabia, Africa, and Oceania were not to be formally annexed or colonized
  • Formally, Syria was turned over to the League of Nations who would then help them from their own country.
  • The League, without resources, then turns Syria over the the France as a Mandate so France can help them find the road independence while economically rapin' 'em.
  • Is the League a cover for Anglo-French foreign policy?
  • France has a mandate over Syria, Lebanon, Cameroon, and Toga
  • South Africa has a mandate over Namibia.
  • Brits have a mandate over Iraq, Jordan, Palestine, Tanzania
• Evaluation of the first three treatys
  • Do these treaties punish the defeated?
  • Are they acting in spirit of self-determination? The best example of a democracy, which is the only true democracy east of the Rhine, is Czechoslovakia.
  • The problem is that the government is dominated by the Czechs and minorities have a restricted role: there are Slovaks, Germans in the Sudetenland, and Magyars.
  • The Czechs and the Poles are allied with France for French security.
• Russia
  • Lastly, Russia undergoes a Revolution after they had abandoned the allied cause in 1917. They lost huge territories from the treaty Of Brest-Liotvsk to the Germans.
  • The allies forced Germany to abandon Brest-Litovsk, so what happens with the territories?
  • Clemenceau want to create a series of Buffer states to insulate Europe from Communism.
  • The Cordon Sanitaire, or the "sanitary cord" is constructed from those forfeited from Germany. FELL stands for Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania who were all newly created countries that were former parts of Czarist Russia.
  • Also, the majority of Poland comes from Russia and added to the Cordon Sanitaire. Lastly, Romania becomes a part of the Cordon Sanitaire and is augmented by a Russian province of Bessarabia.