American Imperialism 1867 (purchase of Alaska) -1920 (end of World War 1)

These notes are all on a notes sheet on Larry's Website, so there might be some holes in the notes that you can fill in with his stuff just an fyi :)

• Withdrawal and Return
  • Period of Withdrawal (Civil War to 1880s) also known as "Continentalism"
    • Why was internationalism shamed?
    • Main Events
      • Andrew Johnson's Secretary of State William Seward's purchase of Alaska to pay back the Russians for not getting involved in the American Civil War
      • Ulysses S Grants Secretary of State Hamilton Fish and the "Alabama Claims" and the Treaty of Washington with GBR.
  • Period of Return (1880s to 1920) also called the "New Manifest Destiny"
    • Reasons why the US embraced imperialism?
    • Main Events
      • Reverend Josiah's Strong's Our Country (1885) attached missionary zeal to imperialism
      • Military Influence: Alfred T. Mahan's Influence of Sea Power on History in 1890, "All great nations have good navies."
      • Social Darwinism: Rudyard Kipling's "The White Man's Burden." Kipling is the one who wrote the jungle book!
  • Confrontations
    • "Seal" Battle of 1886 led to the establishment of territorial waters.
    • Pan-American Conference and Union created by James G. Blaine called for the organization of American States
    • Samoan Island Conflict 1878-1898: the US built a naval base and coaling station Pago Pago, and Germany got mad. America's attitude is becoming more, "Don't mess with us."
    • Sicilian Black Hand in New Orleans 1889-1891. The US hanged 11 suspected Italian terrorists, and almost went to war with the Italians.
    • Chilean or Baltimore Incident: two mericans were killed, and Chile paid $75,000 to stop a war
    • The First Venezuelan Conflict: Gold was discovered between Venezuela and British Guyana, and the US issued the Monroe Doctrine to warn them off.
    • Hawaiian Islands Conflict
    • Spanish American War of 1898: "We hit them; they hit the ground." Jose Marti of the Cuba Libre movement led several revolts against Spain in Cuba.
      • de Lôme Letter written by Enrique Dupuy, the Spanish minister to the US, called William McKinley an ear to ground politician.
      • The USS Maine was sunk and got blamed on the Spanish.
      • There were two phases of the war: Philippines and Caribbean.
    • The Philippine Question
      • Anti-Imperialist League was against annexing any islands, on the other hand there were Imperialists, like Teddy and Mahan.
      • Emilio Aguinaldo becomes angry, since he was promised freedom after helping the Americans defeat the Spanish, and now the US changed their mind.
      • Two results
        • Insular Cases: "Does the constitution follow the flag?" In other words, do the citizens in colonies get the same rights as American citizens? The answer today is no, unless they become a state.
        • Philippines got their Independence in 1946, after it was won back from the Japanese.
    • The Chinese Question
      • Unlike Africa which was officially divided up, China was divided into spheres of influence. The US didn't have a sphere of influence since we were late getting into the imperial game.
      • Secretary of State John Hay created the Open Door Policy, which stated that all countries should be able to trade in China, and that all Chinese should be treated with respect.
      • This doctrine led to the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, which was an uprising of Chinese nationalists that killed 200 missionaries "who were in the wrong place at the wrong time."
      • US united with multinational forces (for the first time ever!) and crushed the Chinese Boxers. Although there were a lot of Boxers, they fell easily up against modern weaponry.
• Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy- "Speak softly and carry a big stick"
  • Panama Canal
    • The US decided if it was going to be a world power, we can't be sailing around the tip of South America all the time. Teddy eventually is on board with it, partly because he wants to do something France can't.
    • Problems and Solutions
      • Clayton-Bulwer Treaty in 1850
      • What to do with the dirt?
      • What to do with the water?
      • What to do about Yellow Fever? Dr. William Gorgas and Dr. Walter Reed get credit for figuring out that Yellow Fever was carried by mosquitoes.
  • Teddy Roosevelt Corollary "Invasion of the Debt Collectors"
    • The Second Venezuela Incident (1902-1903): Countries like GBR and Spain come and slap around the Latin Americans since they weren't paying back their debts. Teddy decides to get involved to prevent GBR and Spain from staying in Latin America. His meddling gave way to the "Nosy Neighbor" doctrine.
  • The Drago Doctrine at the Second Hague Conference in 1907
    • Louis Drago says its unethical and immoral to use force to collect debts from Latin American countries. Nothing really came out of it since the 1st World War kinda distracted from the situation.
  • Teddy becomes the referee in the Russo-Japanese Treaty of Portsmouth in 1905, and wins a Nobel Peace prize for his arbitrations.
  • Roosevelt also made the "Gentlemen's Agreement" to tell San Fransisco to calm down and stop being mean to the Japanese. He then sent the Great White Fleet to show peace maybe since they were white ships? Or also maybe to show that we aren't afraid of them
• Taft and Dollar Diplomacy, Secretary of state Philander C. Knox
  • Taft lent money to Latin American Countries in order to pay back the Europeans. The US also sent companies down to the Latin America to produce things like bananas etc. They supported certain candidates in elections and manipulated the people of these countries. This type of practice came to be known as "neo imperialism," and the companies were called "Banana Republics," which is a pretty shitty name for a clothing company if you ask me.
• Wilson's Moral or Missionary Diplomacy- Secretary of States William Bryan and Robert Lansing
  • Background
    • Wilson sent missionaries down to Haiti and the Dominican Republic to spread the Bible, and although his intention was to decrease meddling, it actually increased meddling.
  • Mexican Relations
    • Benito Juarez, Porfirio Diaz, Francisco Madero, and Emiliano Zapata
    • Tampico and Veracruz Incidents