China and Imperialsim

Shoutout to Kevin Tran for helping me out with the tail end of the notes. He's a swag dude!

• Regional imperialism
  • There are spheres of influence, meaning there are sects of exclusive markets that foreign powers attained through purchase/bribes or loans to Chinese Emperor
• Financial and territorial imperialization of China are divided into 3 main parts
  • The Great Divider is the Yangtze river
    • South of the Yangtze speaks Cantonese (Hunan). Two of the main cities in this area are Hong Kong and Guangzhou.
    • North of Yangtze speaks Mandarin (Szechuan). Two prominent cities are Shanghai and Beijing.
    • North of the Mandarin-speaking area regions is Mongolia, which is an iron and coal rich province of Manchuria.
• Pre-imperialism
  • Since 14th century China has been ruled by the Manchus (Ch'in dynasty), so the Chinese feel like they are ruled by foreigners.
  • So, by the early 19th century China's periphery begins to rebel and set up warlord states. The Manchus have weak control of China.
• British
  • By the 1830's the Brits appear and are eager to trade, but the Chinese have no desire for western products
  • British are interested in obtaining tea, and they know that China will take opium.
  • The Emperor refuses and British fight a war to force china to allow opium imports: "Talk about trap or die" -Courts
  • After 1839 and 1854 (1st and 2nd Opium Wars) the Cantonese White Lotus Society began an anti-Manchu, anti-British, and anti-Christian revolt.
    • this led to the Tai ping Rebellion (estimated 30-40 million Chinese deaths)
  • By 1860, China is the weakest it has been since 650 BC
  • The British in the 1860s secure the entire Yangtze as their exclusive market
  • Their Sphere of Influence includes Hong Kong, which the British lease from China.
  • Impoverished Europeans take loans/sells concessions for exclusive rights/ports in the area
  • British wealth from China rivals India by the 1870s
  • The region is pacified by British Troops commanded by Chinese Gordon
• France
  • Have a sphere of influence in Southern China, they established permanent colonial rule in Cochin China or Inchina
    • Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia
  • The French maintain their hold until 1954
  • HoChin Minh- Dien Bien Phu
• Russia
  • After the congress of Berlin in 1878, the Russians decide to find a warm water port on the Pacific Coast
  • Builds a 6000 mile long transcontinental Railroad from Moscow to "land of the East"
  • Vladivostok is Courts's favorite place in Russia. Currently it is 18º in Vladivostok.
  • Single rail through Siberia that a lot of Russians die building
  • Russia establishes sphere of influences in Mongolia, which is rich in Iron and coal (Manchuria)
• Germans
  • extorts a Sphere of Influence on Shantung (Shandong) Peninsula and major port of Tsingtao in 1890s
  • Germans build a western style Brewery, in fact the Tsingtao Beer still exists.
• Japan
  • after the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese are unable to immigrate to Western European countries
  • They expand into the Korean Manchuria since they lack natural resources.
  • In 1895, they declare war on China. The first Sino-Japanese War
  • As a result of the Treaty of Shimonseki, the Korean Part of Manchuria and the Liastung Peninsula are overturned by West territory
• The US
  • 1898, "the year that a lot of stuff happened"
  • The US demands an Open Door policy
  • Boxer Rebellion
    • By 1899 The Chinese had a growing nationalist movement featuring Xenophobic and anti-Christian sentiment
    • It coalesces in the Literary and Patirotic Society of Harmonious Fists
    • the name resulted in the Americans calling it the Boxer rebellion of 1899
    • Foreigners killed indiscriminately and a multinational force is sent to pacify the rebellion and protect foreign investments
    • After the Boxer Rebellion the Chinese Manchu warriors were heavily indebted to the West, so they attempted to reform; however, these reforms were too little and too late.