Chapter 6: The Duel for North America

• French Colonization
  • Late to settle the New World because of problems at home
  • Edict of Nantes: tried to give religious freedom to French Protestants, or Huguenots. This led to people going to New France, or Canada seeking religious freedom
  • Samuel de Champlain: sometimes called the "Father of New France," settled Quebec in 1608
  • "Coureuors de bois" were runners of the woods. They brought no family, was very temporary in order to trap beavers and made friends with the Huron Indians
    • Beavers significance: the fur was very sought after because it "made great everything, especially hats" -L. Willi
  • Jesuit Missionaries worked to convert the Indians to Catholicism
  • Built several forts to stop the English and the Spanish
    • Antione Cadilac- in Detroit
    • Robert de la Salle- in Louisiana (named after Louis XIV)
• Empires Collide
  • King William's War (1689-1697)
    • first time that guerrilla warfare was introduced
    • the massacre at Deerfield, Massachusetts: women and children were taken by the Indians and had a really hard time re adjusting to the white way of life
    • League of Augsburg
  • Queen Anne's War (1702-1713) also called the War of Spanish Succession
    • The british forced the French Arcadians (from Arcadia, Canada) to march from Nova Scotia to New Orleans
    • ended in the Treaty of Utrecht: the Spanish lost the slave trade (haciento) from the Treaty of Tordesillas (line of demarkation between Spain and Portugal also a part of that treaty). The English now has the slave trade.
  • King George's War (1744-48) Austrian
    • Supposedly some drunk Englishmen took an impregnable fort
    • the Treaty of Aix la Chappelle made the colonists give the fort back and so they got "royally ticked"
  • French and Indian War/ Seven Years' War: the only war that started over here and went over there, don't forget that
    • France and England had competing claims over the Ohio River Valley
    • In 1754 the governor ordered the militia into the Ohio River Valley
    • George Washington was instructed to keep watch over Fort Duquesne, but was captured and forced to leave and never come back
    • the war eventually got spread into Europe and Austria and Prussia got involved but don't worry about all that junk
    • Prime Minister William Pitt: took over command of British in 1757. Was a wonderful year of British history. LOTS of things named after him.
    • cost the British about 55 million Pounds
    • 1754 inter-colonial congress: the Albany Plan of Union
      • keep Iroquois on the British Side
      • more colonial unity
      • first political cartoon
    • Problems with who should pay for the war?? The British thought that the colonists should pay for the war because it was in N America. Colonists thought that if England was the mother country then why should they have to pay for the war?

The Middle, Southern, and NE colonies

The Middle, Southern Colonies, NE Colonies

• NE colonies: Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut
• The Middle Colonies: Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York
• Southern Colonies: North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Georgia

The Middle Colonies

The Middle Colonies

• New Netherlands: founded by Henry Hudson (Hudson River)
  • Divided their lands into bigger than NE Manors but smaller than the Southern Plantations
  • Very Cosmopolitan, had lots of cultures in one place china town etc
  • Fur Trading Dutch West India Company
  • Dutch Reform Church very intolerant of Quakers
• New Sweden: contributed almost nothing except for log cabins
• New York
  • Peter Stuyvesant: bloodless revolution, New York from Dutch's possession to England's
  • Peter Kalm: first environmentalist
• Pennsylvania- Proprietary
  • William Penn jr: advertised religious toleration, great soil "fair" with indians
  • while they were drawing the mason Dixon line was how Delaware was created
  • Philadelphia- had great city planning
  • Fight between the Quakers and the Paxton boys (Scotts-Irish). The Paxton boys followed the mountain line down and est. the Moravian Church
• New Jersies (E and W) Proprietary
  • King William (as in William and Mary) put the two tg in about the 1700s
• Economy in general
  • Economy: bread colonies plus fur, trade, and shipbuilding
  • Slavery: in 1741 in NYC the poor whites and the blacks started burning the city. The English said to the poor whites, "Hey at least you're not black."
  • Life Expectation was about 60-65
  • The social life was fairly fluid bc jobs and more access to land
  • Education and Intellectual life: Parochial school is a school sponsored by a church, apprenticeships
    • Freedom of the Press- John Peter Zenger
  • Demographics: is a melting pot

The Great Awakening

The Great Awakening

was a religious movement that brought back predestination, and revived religiousness. Was a reaction against the Half Way Convenant. first big movement in American History in the 1700s

• Reverend George Whitefield: from England, very excitable in ya face preacher
• Johnathan Edwards: American born preacher from NH lived in Massachusetts. very charismatic, very intellectual. Most famous sermon: "Sinners in the hands of an Angry God." Humans were compared to spiders who God dangled over a fiery pit of hell.
• Caused a split in the Church
  • the old lights: went right back to the old ways of predestination. commit verses and scripture to memory (ex Presbytarian)
  • the new lights: believed in finding god with your heart and spirit (ex Methodist church)
• Brought about lots of different denominations
• decreased the prestige of ministers
• lots of revivals came about
• Ivy League schools: Brown, Darthmouth
• Free blacks were allowed to participate in revivals

King Philip's War/The Salem Witch Trials

• King Philip's War
• only hope for indians was to unite
• Metacom is the real name of King Philip
  • Metacom was Massasoit's son. Ironic because Massasoit was the Indian chief that taught the pilgrims how to grow.
• forced the frontiersman to slow down west-ward expansion
• ended in failure for the Indians
• The colonists were clever and allied with the enemies of the Wampanoags: the Mohawks.
• Significance: the Indians of the NE would never untie again to be a real threat

• The Salem Witch trials
• damaged the reputation of the ministers
• really hurt the colony

Puritains vs. Separatists

• Puritanism was based on Calvinism: Institutes of the Christian Religion
  • Predestination
    • Good Works could not save those predestined for hell
    • No one could be certain of their spiritual status
    • Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of "conversion"
  • Puritains
    • want to totally reform (purify) the Church of England
    • Grew impatient with the slow process of Protestant Reformation back in England
  • Separatists/Pilgrims
    • wanted to separate completely from the English Church, not just reform it.
• The Mayflower
  • 1620 a group of 102 people (about half separatists)
    fun fact, someone was born on the ship!
  • Non separatists included captain Myles Standish
• They established Plymouth Bay was outside of the domain of the Virginia Company
  technically they did not have legal rights to the land they were living on, so they were squatters. But they was bamfs so they dont care.
  • The Mayflower Compact: all the men basically agreed to submit to majority rules- signed by 41 adults and eventually led to something called town meetings
  • Covenant of Grace: whatever they did they did for the glory of god
  • Social Covenant: you watched other people and what they did. Encouraged people to snoop because god punished the whole community.

Colonial America- The Southern Colonies

• Colonial America- The Southern Colonies 9/15/14
  • Jamestown April 26, 1607
    • Location of the Fort:
      • Brilliant defensively and strategically because it was on a penninsula
      • On super swampy ground which bred mosquitos. Yellow Fever and Malaria
    • Tobacco
      • Tobacco takes up a lot of nutrients in the soil
      • When the Virginians ruined the soil, they just kept moving west
      • It caused Virginia to be too dependent on one crop. A cash crop, or a Staple crop
      • Caused a need for cheap abundant labor. The profit margin is negligable
        • First they tried to enslave the Indians, but that didn't work. That caused indentured servitude. Most of the people were white and in debt
          • Headright System: each virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid
          • Indenture Contract: 5-7 years, promised "freedom dues", (land and money), forbidden to marry, 1610-1614 only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!
    • The Indians and English didn't trust each other from the beginning
    • Had brief periods of peace, but things kinda just fell apart 1622- The Great Indian Massacre. John Rolfe was killed here.
  • 1619 Was a red letter year in US history: these 3 things come together to make people think that they are separate and that Virginia is home
    • The House of Burgesses met for the first time.
      • began to assume the role of the House of Commons in England
      • By the end of the 1600s, The HOB was passing legislation
      • A council appointed by royal governer
    • Africans slaves came to Jamestown: they may have actually been indentured servants and not slaves. Slavery were not that important until the end of the 1600s
    • About 20 women came from England (remember to check their teeth)
  • Virginia becomes a Royal Colony
    • James I grew hostile to Virginia
      • he hated tobacco
      • distrusted the HOB
  • Slave trade/Trade with Africa
    • The slave route across the Atlantic was called the middle passage
    • Africans sold other africans into slavery, only 20-25% of slaves survived the middle passage.
    • by the mid 1680s, black slaves outnumbered white slaves.
    • 1662, "slave codes" were terrible
  • Bacon's Rebellion
    • late 1600s large numbers of young, poor, discontented men in the Chesapeake area
    • 1670 The Virginia assembly disenfranchised people most landless men. Had to own 18+ acres of land
    • Nathaniel Bacon: led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor Berkeley
    • Causes
      • Rebels resented Berkeley's close relations with Indians
      • Berkeley monopolized the fur trade with the Indians in the area
      • Berkeley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier settlements
      • Frontiersmen paid high taxes, huge debts, low tobacco prices- generally resented the Tidewater Arisocrats
    • What they did
      • Rebels attacked the Indians, whether they were friendly of not
      • Berkeley is run off
      • burned the capital (Jamestown)
      • Bacon suddenly dies of fever
      • Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels
    • Results of Bacon's Rebellion
      • Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel... reinforced the idea of african slaves
      • exposed the resentment between inland people and landless former servants against gentry on coastal plantations: socio-economic class differeces
  • The Settlement of Maryland
    • A royal charter was granted to Cecelius Calvert, Lord Baltimore on 1632
    • A proprietary colony in 1634. Granted by Charles I (had catholic leanings)
    • A healthier location than Jamestown, tobacco also the staple crop/cash crops
    • His plan was to govern as an absentee proprietor in a feudal relationship
    • St. Mary's city, the first establishment in Maryland
    • A haven for Catholics
      • Baltimore allowed a high degree of freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants
      • Maryland Toleration Act in 1649
        • supported by the Catholics in MD
        • Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.
  • The Carolinas
    • "Southern" Carolina- a Restoration Colony
      • 1670 a group of English farmers 2nd sons (primogeniture)
        • they were nicknamed "Transplanted Barbadians"
        • Brought black slaves with them and a model of the Barbados slave code
        • Stono Rebellion or Cato's Conspiracy- 1739
      • Named for King Charles II
      • The King granted Carolina to 8 supporters (Lord Proprietors)
        • They wanted to use Carolina to send things to Barbados (food) and export wine, silk, and olive oil to Europe.
      • Surprisingly religiously tolerant
      • Close ties with the West Indies
        • West Indie people
        • Many Huguenots and Jews
      • Spanish encroachment were a problem
      • 1715-1717 was the Yamasee War Indians decided to migrate to PA
      • Crops
        • crops were primary export
        • grew rice
        • used african slaves to grow the rice because of their immunity to malaria
        • by 1710 blacks were the majority of the population
        • also did indigo
          • a purple die
          • today its used in jeans
    • "Northern" Carolina
      • losers from Virginia came to North Carolina
      • religious dissenters, and poor farmers with little need for slaves
      • Distinctive Traists
        • irreligious and hospitable to pirates
        • Strong spirit of resistance to authority
    • 1712 NC officially separated form SC
    • Georgia
      • Mostly established to protect the Colonies from the Spanish
      • founded in 1733
      • last of the 13 colonies
      • Named in honor of King George II
      • Founded by James Oglethorpe
        • No booze
        • no plantations
        • no slavery
      • Slavery was established around 1750
      • John Wesley- Methodist